1
It is not without the most humiliating conviction of my want of ability that I now appear before you. But The sense I have of the obligation I am under to obey the calls of my country at all times, together with an animating recollection of your indulgence exhibited upon so many occasions, has induced me once more, undeserving as I am, to throw myself upon that candor which looks with kindness on the feeblest efforts of an honest mind.
You will not now expect the elegance, the learning, the fire, the enrapturing strains of eloquence which charm you when a Lovell, a Church, or a Hancock speaks; but you will permit me to say that with a sincerity equal to theirs I mourn over my bleeding country: with them I weep at her distress, and with them deeply resent the many wrongs which she has suffered from the hands of cruel and ungodly men.
That personal freedom is the natural right of every man; and that property, or an exclusive right to dispose of
2
of what he has honestly acquired by his own labor, necessarily results therefrom, are truths which none but knaves and fools will venture to deny; and no man, or body of men, can without being guilty of flagrant injustice, claim a right to dispose of the persons or acquirementssitions of any other men or body of men unless it can be proved that such a right has arisen from some compact between the parties in which such right it has been explicitly and freely granted.
If I may be indulged in taking, a retrospective view of the first settlement of our country, it will be easy to determine with what degree of justice the late parliament of Great Britain have assumed the power of giving away that property which the Americans have earned by their labor.
Our fathers, having nobly resolved never to wear the yoke of despotism, and seeing the European world, at the time, thro’ indolence and cowardice, falling a prey to tyranny, bravely
3
bravely threw themselves upon the bosom of the ocean, determined to find a place in which they might enjoy their freedom, or perish in the glorious attempt. Approving heaven beheld the favourite ark dancing upon the waves, and graciously preserved it untill [illegible] the chosen families were brought in safety to these western regions. They found the land swarming with savages who threatened death with every kind of torture; but savages and death with torture were far less terrible than slavery. Nothing was so much the object of their abhorrence as a tyrant’s power. They knew that it was more safe to dwell with man in his most unpolished state than in a country where arbitrary power prevails. Even anarchy itself, that bugbear held up by the tools of power, though truly to be deprecated, is infinitely less dangerous to mankind than an arbitrary government. Anarchy can be but of short duration, for when men are at liberty to pursue that course which is most conducive to their own happiness, they will soon come into it, and from the rudest
4
rudest state of nature must soon arise order and good government. But tyranny, when once established, entails its curses on a nation to the latest period of time; unless some daring genius, inspired by heaven, shall, unappall’d by danger, bravely form and execute the arduous design of restoring liberty and life to his enslaved and murdered country.
The tools of tyrants in every age, have rack’d their inventions to justify the few in sporting with the happiness of the many; and, having found their sophistry too weak to hold mankind in bondage, have impiously dared to force religion, the daughter of the king of heaven, to become a prostitute in the service of hell. They taught that princes, honoured with the name of christian, might bid defiance to the founder of their faith, might pillage pagan countries and deluge them with blood, wherever they cou’d find them only because they boasted themselves to be the disciples of that teacher who strictly charged his followers to do to others as they would that others should do unto them.
5
This country, having been discovered by an English subject, in the year [blank], was (according to the system which the blind superstition of those times supported) deemed the property of the crown of England. Our ancestors, when they resolved to quit their native soil, obtained from King James, a grant of certain lands in North America. This they probably did to silence the cavils of their enemies, for it cannot be doubted but they despised the pretended right which he claimed thereto: certain it is, that he might, with equal propriety and justice have made them a grant of the planet Jupiter. And their subsequent conduct shews plainly that they were too well acquainted with humanity, and the principles of natural equity to suppose that the grant gave them any right to take possession; [illegible] they therefore entered into a treaty with the natives, and bought from them the lands: nor have I ever yet obtained any information that, in making their contract, our ancestors ever pleaded, or that the natives ever [illegible illegible] regarded the [illegible] grant from the English crown. The business was transacted by the parties in
6
in the same independent manner that it would have been, had neither of them ever known or heard of the island of Great Britain.
Having become the honest proprietors of the soil, they immediately applied themselves to the cultivation of it; and they soon held the virgin earth teeming with richest fruits – a grateful recompense for their unwearied toil: the fields began to wave with ripening harvests, and the late barren wilderness was seen to blossom like the rose. The savage natives saw with wonder the delightful change, and quickly formed a scheme to obtain that by fraud or force, which nature meant as the reward of industry alone. But the illustrious emigrants soon convinced the rude invaders that they wereas ready to take the field for battle as for labor; and the insidious foe was driven from their borders as often as he ventured to disturb them. The crown of England looked with indifference on the contest: they suffered our ancestors alone to combat with the natives: nor is there any reason to believe that it ever was intended by the one party
7.
party, or expected by the other, that the grantor shou’d defend and maintain the grantees in the peaceable possession of the lands named in the patents. And it appears plainly from the history of those times, that neither the prince nor the people of England, thought themselves much interested in the matter. They had not then any idea of reaping a thousandth part [illegible]of those advantages which they have since have, and we are most heartily willing they shou’d still [illegible]continue to reap from us.
But when, at an infinite expense of toil and blood, this widely extended continent had been cultivated and defended: when the hardy adventurers justly expected that they and their descendants shou’d peaceably have enjoyed the harvest of those fields which they had sown and the fruit of those vineyards which they had planted; this country was then thought worthy the attention of the British ministry; and the only justifiable and only successful means of rendering the Colonies serviceable to Britain wasere adopted. By an [illegible] intercourse of friendly offices the two countries became so united in affection that they thought not of any distinct or separate interests: they found both countries flourishing and happy: Britain saw her commerce extended, and her
8
her wealth increased; her lands raised to an immense value: her fleets riding triumphant on the ocean; the terror of her arms spreading to every quarter of the globe. The Colonist found himself free, and thought himself secure; he dwelt under his own vine, and under his own fig tree, and had none to make him afraid: he knew indeed that by purchasing the manufactures of Great Britain, he contributed to its greatness: he knew that all the wealth, that his labor produced centered in Great Britain; but that, far from exciting his envy, filled him with the highest pleasure; that thought supported him in all his toils. When the business of the day was past, he solaced himself with the contemplation, or perhaps entertained his listening family with the recital of some great, some glorious transaction which shines conspicuous in the history of Britain: or, perhaps, his elevated fancy led him to foretell with a kind of enthusiastic confidence, the glory, power, and duration of an Empire which shou’d extend from one end of the earth to the other: He saw, or thought he saw, the British nation risen to a pitch of grandeur which
9
which cast a veil over the roman glory, and ravished with the preview, boasted a race of British kings, whose names should eccho thro’ those realms where Cyrus, Alexander, and the Caesars were unknown; princes for whom millions of grateful subjects redeemed from slavery and pagan ignorance, shou’d, with grateful tongues, offer up their prayers and praises to that transcendently great and beneficent being “by whom Kings reign and princes decree justice.” This pleasing connection might have continued; these delightsome prospects might have been every day extending, and even the reveries of the most warm imagination might have been realized; but, unhappily for us, unhappily for Britain, the madness of an avaricious minister of state has drawn a sable curtain over the charming scene, and in its stead has brought upon the stage discord, envy, hatre,d and revenge with civil war close in their rear.
Some demon in an evil hour suggested to a short-sighted
10
short-sighted Financier, the hateful project of transferring the whole property of the King’s subjects in America, to the King’s subjects in Britain. For the claim of the British Parliament to tax the Colonies, can never be supported but by such a transfer; for the right of the house of commons of Great Britain to originate any tax or to grant money is altogether derived from their being elected by the people of Great Britain to act for them. And the people of Great Britain cannot confer on their representatives a right to give or grant any thing which they themselves have not a right to give or grant personally. Therefore it follows that if the members chosen by the people of Great Britain to represent them in parliament, have, by virtue of their being so chosen any right to give or grant American property; or to lay any tax upon the lands or persons of the colonists, it is
11
because the lands and people in the colonies are bona fide owned by, and justly belonging to the people of Great Britain. But (as has been before observed,) every man has a natural right to personal freedom, consequently a right to enjoy what is acquired by his own labor. And as it is evident that the property in this country has been acquired by our own labor; it is the duty of the people of Great Britain, to produce some compact in which we have explicitly given up to them a right to dispose of our persons or this property. Untill this is done every attempt of theirs, or of those whom they have deputed to act for them, to give or grant any part of our property, is directly repugnant to every principle of reason and natural justice. But, I may boldly say, that such a compact never existed, no, not even in imagination. Nevertheless, the representatives of a nation long famed for justice
12
justice and the exercise of every noble virtue, have been prevailed on to adopt the fatal scheme: and although the dreadful consequences of this wicked policy have already shook the empire to its centre, yet still it is persisted in. Regardless of the voice of reason, deaf to the prayers and supplications, and unaffected with the flowing tears of suffering millions, the British ministry still hug the darling idol; and every rolling year affords fresh instances of the absurd devotion with which they worship it. Alas how has the folly, the distraction of the British councils blasted our swelling hopes, and spread a gloom over this western hemisphere. The hearts of Britainons and Americans, which lately felt the generous glow of mutual confidence and love, now burn with jealousy and rage. Though, but of yesterday, I recollect (deeply affected at the ill boding change
13
change) the happy hours that past whilst Britain and America rejoiced in each others the prosperity and greatness of each other (heaven grant those halcyon days may soon return.) But now the Briton too often looks on the American with an envious eye taught to consider his just plea for the enjoyment of his earnings, as the effect of pride and stubborn opposition to the parent country. Whilst the American beholds the Briton as the ruffian, ready first to take away his property, and next, what is still dearer to every virtuous man, the liberty of his Country.
When the measures of administration had disgusted the Colonies to the highest degree, and the people of Great Britain had by artifice and falsehood been irritated against America, an army was sent over to enforce submission to certain acts of the British Parliament, which reason scorned to countenance, and which placemen and pensioners
14
pensioners were found unable to support.
Martial law and the government of a well regulated city, are so entirely different, that it has always been considered as improper to quarter troops in populous cities, as frequent disputes must necessarily arise between the citizen and the soldier, even if no previous animosities subsists. And it is further certain, from a consideration of the nature of mankind: as well as from constant experience, that standing armies always endanger the liberty of the subject. But when the people on the one part considered the army as sent to enslave them, and the Army on the other were taught to look on the people as in a state of rebellion, it was but just to fear the most disagreeable consequences. Our fears, we have seen, were but too well grounded.
15
The many injuries offered to the town, I pass over in silence. I cannot now mark out the path which led to that unequaled scene of horror, the sad remembrance of which, takes the full possession of my soul. The sanguinary theatre again opens itself to view. The baleful images of terror crowd around me, and discontented ghosts, with hollow groans, appear to celebrate solemnize the anniversary of the fifth March.
[illegible illegible then] Approach we then the melancholy walk of death. Hither let me call the social friend & gay companion here let him drop a farewell tear upon that body which so late he saw vigorous and [illegible] warm with social mirth. Home Hither let me lead the tender mother to weep over her beloved son. Come [forth] widowed mourner, here satiate thy grief; behold thy murdered husband gasping on the ground, and to complete
16
compleat the pompous show of wretchedness, bring in each hand thy infant children to bewail their father’s fate. Take heed ye orphan babe, lest, whilst your streaming eyes are fixed upon the ghastly corpse, your feet glide on the stones bespattered with your father’s brains – Enough! this tragedy [illegible] needs not be heightened by an infant weltering in the blood of him that gave it birth.
Nature, reluctant shrinks already from the view, and the chill’d blood rolls slowly backward to its fountain. We wildly stare about and with amazement ask who has spread this ruin round us what wretch has dared deface the image of his God? Has haughty France or cruel Spain sent forth her Myrmidons? Has the grim savage rush’d again from the
17
the far distant wilderness, or does some fiend, fierce from the depth of hell, with all the ranc’rous malice, which the apostate damn’d can feel, twang her destructive bow, and hurl her deadly arrows at our breast? No, none of these; but, how astonishing! It is the hand of Britain that inflicts the wound. The arms of George the Third, our rightful King, have been employed to shed that blood which freely wou’d have flown at his command, when justice or the honor of his crown, had call’d his subjects to the field. But pity, grief, astonishment, with all the softer movements of the soul, must now give way to stronger passions. Say, fellow-citizens, what dreadful thought now swells your heaving bosoms. You fly to arms, – sharp indignation flashes from
18
from each fiery eye. Revenge gnashes her iron teeth. Death grins a hideous smile secure to drench his greedy jaws in human gore; whilst hovering furies darken all the air. But stop, my bold adventurous countrymen; stain not your weapons with the blood of Britons. – attend to reason’s voice.- humanity puts in her claim and sues to be again admitted to her wonted seat – the bosom of the brave. Revenge is far beneath the noble mind. Many perhaps, compell’d to rank among the vile assassins, do from their inmost souls detest the barbarous action: the winged death shot from your arms may chance to pierce some breast that bleeds already for our injured country.
The storm subsides.- A solemn pause ensues
19
ensues. You spare upon condition they depart. They go – they quit your city – they no more shall give offence. Thus closes the important drama.
¶And cou’d it have been conceived that we again should have seen a British army in our land sent to enforce obedience to acts of parliament destructive of our liberty? But the royal ear, far distant from this western world, has been assaulted by the tongue of slander; and villains, traitorous alike to king and country, have prevailed upon a gracious prince to cloath his countenance with wrath, and to erect the hostile banner against a people ever affectionate and loyal to him his illustrious predecessors of the illustrious house of Hanover. Our streets again are filled with armed men: our harbour is crowded with ships of war; but these cannot intimidate us: our liberty must be preserved; it is far dearer
20
dearer than life: we hold it even as dear as our allegiance; we must defend it against the attacks of friends as well as enemies: we cannot suffer even Britons to ravish it from us.
No longer could we reflect, with generous pride on the heroic actions of our American forefathers: no longer boast our origin from that far-famed island, whose warlike sons have so often drawn their well tried swords to save her from the ravages of tyranny, cou’d we, but for a moment entertain the thought of giving up our Liberty. The man who meanly will submit to wear a shackle, contemns the noblest gift of heaven, and impiously affronts the God that who made him free.
21
It was a maxim of the Roman people, which eminently conduced to the greatness of that state, never to despair of the Commonwealth. The maxim may prove as salutary to us NOW, as it did to them. Short sighted mortals see not the numerous links of small and great events, which form the chain on which the fate of kings and nations is suspended. Ease and prosperity, tho’ pleasing for a day, have often sunk a people into effeminacy and sloth. – hardships and dangers, tho” we for ever strive to shun them, have frequently call’d forth such virtues, as have commanded the applause and reverence of an admiring world. Our country loudly calls you to be circumspect, vigilant, active, and brave. Perhaps: (all gracious heaven avert it) perhaps, the power of Britain, a nation great in war, by some malignant
22
malignant influence, may be employed to enslave you: But let not even this discourage you. Her arms ’tis true, have fill’d the world with terror – her troops have reap’d the laurels of the field – her fleets have rode triumphant on the sea; and when, or where, did you, my Countrymen, depart inglorious from the field of fight? You too can shew the trophies of your forefathers victories and your own – can name the fortresses and battles you have won, and many of you count the honourable scars or wounds received while fighting for your king and country.
Where justice is the standard, heaven is the warrior’s shield; but conscious guilt unnerves the arm that lifts the sword against the innocent. Britain united with these Colonies by commerce and affection – by interest and blood, may mock the threats of France and Spain – may bid defiance to the world in arms – may be the seat of universal empire. But shou’d America either by force or
23
those more dangerous engines luxury and corruption ever be brought into a state of vassalage, Britain must loose her freedom also: no longer shall she sit the empress of the sea – her ships no more shall waft her thunders over the wide ocean. – the wreath shall wither on her temples – her weakened arm shall be unable to defend her coasts – and she at last must bow her venerable head to some proud foreigner’s despotic rule.
But, if from past events we may venture to form a judgment of the future, we justly may expect that the devices of our enemies will but increase the triumphs of our country. I must indulge a hope that Britain’s liberty as well as ours, will be eventually preserved by the virtue of America. The attempt of the British Parliament to raise a revenue from America, and our denial of their right to do it have excited an almost universal inquiry into the rights of mankind in general, and of British subjects in particular; the necessary result of which must be such a
24
liberality of sentiment, and such a jealousy watchful jealousy of those in power, as will, better than an adamantine wall, secure us against the futureapproaches of despotism.
The malice of the Boston port bill has been defeated in a very considerable degree, by giving you an opportunity of deserving, and our brethren in this and our sister colonies an opportunity of bestowing, those benefactions which have delighted your friends and astonished your enemies, not only in America, but in Europe also: and what is more valuable still, the sympathetic feelings for a brother is distress, and the grateful emotions excited in the breast of him who finds relief, must forever endear each to the other, and form those indissoluble bonds of friendship and affection, on which the preservation of our Rights so evidently depends.
25
The mutilation of our charter has made every other colony jealous for its own; for this, if once submitted to us, wou’d get on float the property and government of every british settlement upon the continent. If Charters are not deemed sacred, how miserably precarious is every thing founded upon them.
Even the sending troops to put these acts in execution is not without advantages to us. It inspires our youth with ardour in the pursuit of military knowledge. Charles the invincible taught Peter the great the art of war. The battle of Pultowa convinced Charles of the proficiency Peter had made. Our country is in danger but not to be despaired of. Our enemies are numerous and powerful – but we have many friends. Determine to be free and Heaven and earth will aid the resolution. On you depend the fortunes of America. You are to decide the important question on which is suspended the happiness and liberty of millions yet unborn. Act
26
Act worthy of yourselves. The faltering tongue of hoary age calls on you to support your country. The lisping infant raises its suppliant hands, imploring defence against the monster slavery. Your Fathers look from their celestial seats with smiling approbation on their sons who boldly stand forth in the cause of virtue; but sternly frown upon the inhuman miscreant who to secure the loaves and fishes to himself would breed a serpent to destroy his children.
But, pardon me, my fellow citizens, I know you want not zeal or fortitude. You will maintain your rights or perish in the glorious generous struggle. However, difficult the combat, you never will decline it when freedom is the prize. An independence on Great Britain is not our aim. No. Our wish is, that Great Britain and the Colonies may, like the oak and the ivy, grow and increase in strength together. But whilst the infatuated plan of making one part of the empire slaves to the other is persisted in, the interest and safety of Britain, as well as the Colonies, require that the wise measures, recommended by the
27
honourable the continental congress be steadily pursued; whereby the unnatural contest between a parent honoured and a child beloved may probably be brought to such an issue as that the peace and happiness of both may be established upon a lasting basis.
You, then, who nobly have espoused your country’s cause, who generously have sacrificed wealth and ease; who had despised the pomp and shew of tinsel’d greatness; refused the summons to the festive board; been deaf to the alluring calls of luxury and mirth, who have forsaken the downy pillow to keep your vigils by the midnight lamp for the salvation of your invaded county, that you might break the fowler’s snare, and disappoint the vulture of his prey – you then will reap that harvest of renown which you so gloriously nobly have earned. Your country shall pay her grateful tribute of applause. Even the children of your most inveterate enemies, ashamed to tell from whom they sprang, while they in secret curse their stupid cruel parents, shall join the general voice of gratitude to those who broke the fetters which their fathers forged.
28
Having redeemed your country and secured the blessing to future generations, who fired by your example shall emulate your virtues and learn from you the heavenly art of making millions happy; with heart felt joy – with transports only felt by such as you, you cry the glorious work is done. Then drop the mantle to some young Elisha, and take your seats with kindred spirits in your native skies.
[unnumbered insert]
But if these pacific measures are ineffectual, and it appears that the only way to safety is thro’ fields of blood; I know you will not turn your faces from your foes, but will undauntedly press forward ’till tyranny is trodden under foot, and you have fixed your adored goddess Liberty, fast by a Brunswick’s side, on the American throne.
Sources:In the John Collins Warren Papers. Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, Massachusetts, Ms. N-1731, Box 1a. This is Sam Forman’s transcription directly from the manuscript. Published in pamphlet as An Oration; Delivered March 6, 1775: At the Request of the Inhabitants of the Town of Boston; to Commemorate the Bloody Tragedy of the Fifth of March, 1770. Boston: Edes and Gill, Joseph Greenleaf, 1775. Other catalog listings of the published pamphlet: Evans 14608; T.R. Adams American Pamphlets 201a, J. Blake NLM 18th c. p. 482; ESTC (RLIN) W21498.
Commentary: Warren’s personal, handwritten manuscript differs from the published versions with respect to the martial passage including “…the only way to safety through fields of blood,” footnotes, minor choices in wording, and punctuation.
The memorably martial passage appears in the manuscript as an insertion on a separate piece of paper. It is unclear whether this was included at the last minute in the speech as delivered live, or was an insertion into the published version. The footnotes in the published pamphlet do not appear on the manuscript. I judge them not to have been written by Warren.
Subtle differences in wording between manuscript and printed versions, with respect to Indians and George the Third, may capture Joseph Warren’s personal views on those subjects. Close reading of Warren’s manuscript underlining may best capture his oratorical emphasis when delivering the speech under contentious circumstances at Boston’s Old South Meeting House. Diarists did not delve much into this aspect and audio recordings were, of course, not of that century.
Follow
